Trade Routes between Bhutan, Assam, and Tibet

* Ray, Indrajit and Ratna Sarkar. 2005. Reconstructing Nineteenth Century Trade Route between Bhutan and Assam: Evidences from British Political Missions. Journal of Bhutan Studies, (2005) Vol. 13.
http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/jbs/JBS_13_01.pdf

* Pommaret, Francoise. 2000. Ancient Trade Partners: Bhutan, Cooch Bihar and Assam (17th - 19th centuries). Journal of Bhutan Studies, (2000) Vol. 2, No. 1.
http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/jbs/JBS_02_01_02.pdf

* Ray, Indrajit and Ratna Sarkar. 2006. Two Nineteenth Century Trade Routes in the Eastern Himalayas: the Bhutanese trade with Tibet and Bengal. Journal of Bhutan Studies, Volume 15, Winter 2006, pp. 56-83.
http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/admin/pubFiles/15-3.pdf

* Dorji Penjore. 2003. On the Mule Track to Dagana. Monograph # 1, The Centre for Bhutan Studies, Thimphu, Bhutan
http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/admin/pubFiles/monoDagana.pdf
pp. 1-56
[...] The ancient footpath from Thimphu to Dagana was once an important highway in medieval Bhutan. Before the construction of motor roads in the early 1960s, it served as an important traditional highway between the southern and western Bhutan.

This traditional zhunglam was earlier trodden by deities and monks, penlop and government officials, lamas and laities, cattle and herders, porters and horses, village traders and farmers, rilang and many wild animals. The people of Dagana in particular used this road for purpose of government, business and pastoral movements. They also travelled this road to farm their summer land in Genyekha, and to pay revenues to the government. Even today, cattle herders, farmers, village businessmen and tourists continue to tread the road. [...]

Content...............................................................................................i

Author's Note....................................................................................ii
Introduction......................................................................................iii
One: Thimphu to Genyekha...............................................................1
Two: Genyekha to Kepchen.............................................................10
Three: Kepchen to Labatama...........................................................11
Four: Labatama................................................................................14
Five: Labatama to Northogang.........................................................30
Six: Northogang to Kunga...............................................................36
Seven: Kunga to Daga Dzong..........................................................43
Bibliography.....................................................................................56

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Historic Trade Routes of Tibet

http://www.tibetancoins.com/III%20Tibetan%20Trade.html

[...]
The map [3] shows the historic trade routes from the time of the Tibetan Empire at its zenith to modern times. These routes can be broadly grouped as shown below.

1. The eastern route via Tachienlu to China.
2. The northeastern route via Koko Nor to China, the Turks and Siberia.
3. The northwestern route via Ladakh: to Khotan, Kaskgar, Kucha and trans-Oxania: to Bokhara and Samarkand.
4. The trans-Himalayan routes: to Ladakh, Kashmir, Indian States, Nepal, Sikkim, Cooch Behar, Bhutan, Assam.[4]
[...]

References:
[3.] Lamb, A., "British and Chinese Central Asia", 1960, Map adapted from Sketch Map, p. 3.
[4.] Beckwith, C.I., "The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia", Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987, p 103.

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Gallery: ancient road and changes of transport in Tibet

http://www.gov.cn/english/special/2006-06/30/content_324017.htm

[image]
Undated file photo shows a salt-fetching team [of a group of yaks - tmc] marches on their way in southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region. The salt-fetch teams, consisting of twenty to thirty people and some five hundred yaks, started its long journey at the end of winter every year. It took them several months to go to salt lakes and carried salt back to every family. [...] [Xinhua Photo]

[image]
Undated file photo shows a tea-carrying team [of some 40-60 mules - tmc] marches on their way in southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region. As Tibetan people keep the traditional habit of drinking tea, tea had been carried into Tibet with mules for many years. [...] [Xinhua Photo]



File photo taken in the year 1950 shows Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) walk on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau with [several thousands - tmc] camels carrying goods and materials. [Xinhua Photo]

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Haervejen/"Military Road" - Jutland's main transport road

http://www.haervej.dk/english/index.htm


http://www.haervej.dk/english/historie.htm
Over the years, however, the road has been known by many other names: The Cattle Road, The Oxen Road, The King's Road, The Roman Road, or simply The Main Road. In Southern Jutland, many sections of the road are still known as "The Oxen Road".



"Hærvejen
[...] the main road in Jutland ran through the peninsula along the water divide. Hærvejen was made up of humble gravel and sunken roads. It was not just one road – rather a system of many small roads formed what we now know as Haervejen. It was used by traders and their oxen-drawn carts, cattlemen with their herds and pious pilgrims. In times of warfare, it was the natural route for the armies – hence the name, as the Danish name translates into "military road"."
http://www.haervej.dk/english/index.htm

[...]
In the 15 th century, 30-50,000 oxen were annually driven along Hærvejen. In addition to steers, horses, pigs, goats, sheep and geese were also driven along the road.
http://www.haervej.dk/english/studevej.htm

Road sections
http://www.haervej.dk/sevaerdigheder.htm

1. Viborg - Havredal Plantage
2. Stendal Plantage - Christianshøj
3. Stenholt Skov - Christianshede
4. Skærbæk - Boest
5. Nørre Snede - Kollemorten
6. Givskud - Jelling
7. Engelsholm og Vejle Ådal
8. Randbøldal og Randbøl Hedel
9. Bække
10. Vejen - Kongeåen
11. Jels
12. Vojens - Vedsted
13. Immervad - Rødekro
14. Hjordkær - Kliplev
15. Gejlå - Grænsen




[...]
[Partial] Bibliography (all DK)
http://www.haervej.dk/english/litteratur.htm

Becker-Christensen, Henrik (1981): Hærvejen i Sønderjylland: et vejhistorisk studie: fra Kongeåen til Danevirke. Institut for Grænseregionsforskning.

Becker-Christensen, Henrik (1982): Hærvejen gennem Sønderjylland: kilder, mindesmærker, turforslag. Amtscentralen for Undervisningsmidler i Sønderjylland.

Hærvejen - levendegjort på ét sted (1992). Red.: Falk Mikkelsen, Thomas Bagge og Karen Marie Ravn. Hærvejsprojektet.
[...]

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Pilgrim routes in Europe

http://www.csj.org.uk/route-overview-pages.htm
The Confraternity of Saint James
Pilgrim routes in Europe

The Camino Francés
The Coastal Route or Camino del Norte
The Camino Primitivo
The Tunnel Route
The Via de la Plata
The Camino Mozárabe (Granada to Mérida)
The Camino Portugues de la Via de la Plata
The Camino Portugués
The Camino Inglés
The Cami de Llevant or Camino de Levante
The Madrid Route
The continuation to Finisterre & Muxía
The Paris Route
The Vézelay Route
The le Puy Route
The Arles Route
The (French) coastal route, la Voie de Soulac
Nürnberg to Konstanz
The Swiss Route: Konstanz to Geneva
Geneva to le Puy-en-Velay
Via Francigena
The Pilgrim Route to Nidaros: Oslo to Trondheim

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Map of the pilgrim routes to Santiago

http://www.csj.org.uk/map.htm


The Confraternity of Saint James
Map of the pilgrim routes to Santiago

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Pilgrim Ways to Nidaros - The St. Olav Ways

http://www.pilgrim.info/en/route.aspx?led=534830



"[...] Not long after the Saint King, Olav Haraldsson, fell in battle at Stiklestad in 1030, Nidaros became a popular goal for people seeking to redeem their souls at his shrine. Olav became Norway's patron saint, and his reputation shone far beyond the borders of his country.

Along paths and vestigial roads, through wild country and through high mountains people wended their way to Christ's Church in Nidaros, where the shrine of Olav was venerated. A substantial number of people felt the beckoning of the shrine, and pilgrimages continued there until 1537, the time of the reformation, and perhaps even beyond that.

Today we cannot pinpoint with certainty where the medieval pilgrims made their way. The trails they followed were the contemporary highways. The common road - the "people's road" - threaded along the hillsides in the valleys which had been settled first.

The road would be for walking and riding. Single-minded in its intent on reaching its destination, the road would climb up and wind down steep hills, disdaining detours around marshes or other obstacles. In hilly terrain, traffic, weather and precipitation would cause the dissolving earth and clay to seep away, leaving a distinct furrow, a sunken road. On marshy ground the road might be paved with logs, called a kavlebru - a log bridge.

Pilgrims would normally travel in companies. A day's journey might stretch up to 30 kilometres for those hardy souls who could manage to hike that far. Every 8 to 10 kilometres there would be places of rest with grazing for horses. Such pastures were called "Olav's fields". Along the way there would be inns and lodgings. The oldest places for accommodation were the simple sælehus - houses of rest - where lodgers would have to cater for themselves. Tradition also tells us of roadside crosses, pilgrims' chapels and sacred wells along the road. [...]"

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The Roads of Pilgrimages between Central Asia and Hijaz

From: Central-Eurasia-L--at--fas.harvard.edu
Date: Tue, 25 Sep 2007 20:47:32 -0400
Subject: CONF.- The Roads of Pilgrimages between Central Asia and Hijaz, Tashkent, 3-4 Oct

Distrib. by: Central-Eurasia-L - Announcement List for Central Eurasian Studies

CONF.- The Roads of Pilgrimages between Central Asia & Hijaz, Tashkent, 3-4 Oct

Posted by: Alexandre Papas (alex.p--at--club-internet.fr)

The French Institute for Central Asian Studies (IFEAC),
in association with the Tashkent Islamic University, the Institute of
Oriental Studies Al-Biruni, the UNESCO and the CNRS,

is pleased to announce an international conference on:

The Roads of Pilgrimages (hajj, ziyarat) between Central Asia and Hijaz

October 3-4, 2007
Dedeman Hotel, Tashkent

Organized by Bakhtyar Babadjanov, Bayram Balci, Alexandre Papas &
Thierry Zarcone.

Conference Program:

October 3
Opening Session

Bahrom Abdukhalimov, State Advisor on Islamic Affairs

Soraya Karimova, Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies

Anna Paolini, UNESCO Representative in Uzbekistan

Rovshan Abdullaev, Rector of the Tashkent Islamic University

Bayram Balci, Director of IFEAC

Chair: Thierry Zarcone

Hamid Algar (University of California, Berkeley)
Central Asian Naqshbandis at the Haramayn

Necdet Tosun (Osh State University-Marmara University, Istanbul)
Hajj (Pilgrimage) from the Sufi Point of View

Masami Hamada (Kyoto University)
Imaginary Invitation to the pilgrimage

Alexandre Papas (CNRS, Paris)
Pilgrimage Roads and Mystical Paths: The Travels of a Qalandar Sufi,
Muhammad Zalili, from Yarkand to Mecca (17-18th-Century)

Afternoon Session

Chair: Elizaveta Nekrassova

Minoru Sawada (Toyama University, Japan)
Pilgrimage to Sacred Places in Taklamakan Desert: Mausoleums of Imams
in Khotan Province

Nadirbek Abdulakhatov (Ferghana Regional Museum, Ferghana)
"Sacred" Objects in the Mazars of Ferghana: Between Fetishism and Islam

Sharifa Toshova (Institute of Oriental Studies, Tashkent)
Haji of Central Asia: Itineraries and Impressions

Ashirbek Muminov (Institute of Oriental Studies, Almaty)
Isnad, Silsila, 'An'ana in Central Asia: New Aspects Appearing after
Hajj and Ziyara

Thierry Zarcone (CNRS, Paris)
The Zawiya al-Uzbakiyya at Jerusalem, a Central Asian Resting-House on
the Hajj Road

October 4
Morning Session

Chair: Ahatjan Hasanov

Lola Dodkhudaeva (Academy of Sciences, Tajikistan)
Hajj in Political Legitimization of the Rulers of Imperial Herat
(Kurts, Timurids)


Thomas Welsford (Oxford University)
Piety, Refuge and Dynastic Change: the Re-Opening of Iran to Central
Asian Pilgrim Traffic, 1600-1650

Omonullo Buriev (Institute of Oriental Studies, Tashkent)
Description of the Pilgrimage in Muntahab at-Tavorih by Khakimkhon Tura

Alfina Sibgatullina (Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow)
Tatar Hajjname

Shovosil Ziyodov (Institute of Oriental Studies, Tashkent)
Hadjnomalar (Hajj Stories): Lithographies Available in Tashkent

Afternoon Session

Chair: Alexandre Papas

Naima Neflyasheva (Center for Civilization and Regional Studies at the
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow)
Hajj from Russian Empire as a Frontier Situation

Bakhtyar Babadjanov (Institute of Oriental Studies, Tashkent)
Ziyarat to Mazars as a Form of Islamic Practice in the Soviet Era

Stephane A. Dudoignon (CNRS, Paris)
Globalised Pilgrimage? Hajj in Post Soviet Central Asia: Individual
Narratives and Collective Practices

Vladimir Bobrovnikov (Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow)
Al-Hajj and al-Ziyara in Making (Post-)Soviet Muslims: a Comparative
Study of the Cases of Daghestan and Uzbekistan

Abdulhakim Jozjoni (Islamic University, Tashkent)
The Question of Taliban and Ziyarat in Afghanistan

The conference is open to the public and free of charge.
Contacts: balci--at--ifeac.com.uz or administration--at--ifeac.com.uz
--------------- end of forwarded message -----------------

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Trade Routes in the Eastern Jazira

Altaweel, Mark & Hauser, Stefan R.
"Travelling via Hatra: Trade Routes in the Eastern Jazira according to evidence from ancient sources and modern satellite imagery" (2004)
Baghdader Mitteilungen, 2004, vol. 35, p. 57-84.
Abstract: Satellite images are used to follow the ancient trade routes centering at Hatra across northern Mesopotamia. [Author]


Altaweel, Mark. 2003. “The Roads of Ashur and Nineveh.” Akkadica 124:221-229

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[Himalayan] Routes and Treks (old and new)

http://bameduniya.tripod.com/treks.html

Bhattacharji, Romesh. nd. Routes and Treks (old and new).
bameduniya.tripod.com/treks.html

* Mansarovar - Tawaghat Trek;
* Karakorum;
* Across Takling;
* Jadhganga;
* Tsom to Hanle;
* Leh Yarkhand Trek;
* Old Trading Routes [bameduniya.tripod.com/tradingroutes.html];
* Leh To Rudok;
* Leh To Khotan, Padam to Lamaryu.

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Trading routes to China across the Himalaya and attendant ranges - Kibithoo to Karakorum

http://bameduniya.tripod.com/tradingroutes.html
21 Sep 2006

bameduniya.tripod.com, Waltham, MA, US

Self-description:
"The Himalaya are 2700 kms or so long and about 300 kms wide range between the Big Bend of the Tsangpo in the SE and the Big Bend of the Indus in the NW. [...] Trade routes to China pierced this topographical tangle in countless places. Kibithoo, in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh, is the easternmost and lowest direct route into Tibet, China. Karakorum pass in the north of Ladakh is the highest usable route to Sinkiang, China. The greater portion of Tibet's population lives in the 100 to 160 kms broad belt to its south on either side of the Brahmaputra, the Satluj and the Indus. [...] Some of the trade routes from NE to NW to Tibet & Sinkiang are listed below. Of these only 2 are functioning officially but both countries goods continue to flow across the borders from several places."

Site contents:
* Arunachal (details of 7 routes); * Sikkim (2 routes); * Uttar Pradesh (4 routes); * Himachal Pradesh (4 routes); * Ladakh (8 routes), * A 1992 list of 29 goods that can be "exported freely" to China as border barter trade through the only two Land Customs Stations (Garbyang in Uttaranchal and Shipki La in Himachal) open so far along the entire Indo-China border.

[A highly informative, packed with geographic details document by Romesh Bhattacharji published online sometime between 2003 and 2007 - ed.]

URL http://bameduniya.tripod.com/tradingroutes.html

Internet Archive (web.archive.org) [the site was not archived at the time of this abstract]

Link reported by: T. Matthew Ciolek (tmciolek--at--coombs.anu.edu.au)

* Resource type [news - documents - study - corporate info. - online guide]:
Study
* Publisher [academic - business - govt. - library/museum - NGO - other]:
Other
* Scholarly usefulness [essential - v.useful - useful - interesting - marginal]:
V.Useful
* External links to the resource [over 3,000 - under 3,000 - under 1,000
- under 300 - under 100 - under 30]: under 30

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Indo-Tibetan Trade through Uttarakhanda, India

Some Dynamics of Indo-Tibetan Trade through Uttarakhanda (Kumaon-Garhwal), India
Maheshwar P. Joshi, C. W. Brown
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 30, No. 3 (1987), pp. 303-317
doi:10.2307/3631816

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Routes into Networks : The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833

http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/research/working_papers/downloads/2004_07.pdf

Erikson Emily and Peter Bearman. 2004.
Routes into Networks : The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833

ISERP Working Paper 04- 07, Columbia University
http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/research/working_papers/downloads/2004_07.pdf

Abstract
Drawing on a remarkable dataset compiled from ships logs, journals, factory correspondence, ledgers, and reports that provide unusually precise information on each of the 4,572 voyages taken by English traders of the East India Company (hereafter EIC), we describe the EIC trade network over time, from 1601 to 1833.

From structural images of voyages organized by shipping seasons, we map the (over time and space) emergence of dense, fully integrated, global trade networks: of globalization before globalization. We show that the integration of the world trade system under the aegis of the EIC was the unintended by-product of systematic individual malfeasance (private trading) on the part of ship captains seeking profit from internal Eastern trade.

Keywords: principal-agent problem, networks, global trade, historical sociology, the EIC.

Extract
[...]
Data for this paper arise from The Catalogue of the East India Companys Ships Journals and Logs, 1600-1834 and The Biographical index of East India Company maritime service officers: 1600-1834, sources which integrate the journals, logs, ledgers, imprest books, pay books, receipt books, absence books, company papers, and voluminous correspondence of the Company relevant for each ship and employed officer. From the first volume, we have a complete list of the 1,480 ships (4,725 voyages) that were engaged in EIC trade from 1601 to 1835. Eighty- Routes into Networks five percent of the entries for voyages contain a complete set of ports visited with dates of arrival and departure. All ships list the trading season in which they were active and 99% percent include the intended destination. Less systematically, there is information on ship tonnage, dimensions, crew size, armaments, principal owners, and shipbuilders. In the analyses reported below, ports fall in and out of the network. [...]
-----------
[The sources in question are:
* Farrington, Anthony. 1999. Catalogue of the East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600-1834. London: The British Library.
* Farrington, Anthony. 1999. Biographical Index of the East India Company Maritime Service Officers. London: The British Library.
- tmc.]

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Trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean: the maritime history and archaeology of Malta

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/437

Trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean: the maritime history and archaeology of Malta
Authors: Atauz, Ayse Devrim
Keywords: Malta, Mediterranean, Order of Saint John, Crusades, Maritime Archaeology
Issue Date: 30-Sep-2004
Publisher: Texas A&M University

Abstract: Located approximately in the middle of the central Mediterranean channel, the Maltese Archipelago was touched by the historical events that effected the political, economic and cultural environment of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The islands were close to the major maritime routes throughout history and they were often on the border between clashing military, political, religious, and cultural entities. For these reasons, the islands were presumed to have been strategically and economically important, and, thus, frequented by ships. An underwater archaeological survey around the archipelago revealed the scarcity of submerged cultural remains, especially pertaining to shipping and navigation. Preliminary findings elucidate a story that contrasts with the picture presented by modern history and historiography. In this sense, a comparison of the underwater archaeological data with the information gathered through a detailed study of Maltese maritime history clearly shows that the islands were attributed an exaggerated importance in historical texts, due to political and religious trends that are rooted in the period during which the islands were under the control of the Order of Saint John. An objective investigation of the historical and archaeological material provides a more balanced picture, and places the islands in a Mediterranean-wide historical framework from the first colonization of the archipelago eight thousands years ago to the twentieth century.
URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/437

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Trade and Trade Routes in Southern Latium in Late Antiquity

Title: Trade and Trade Routes in Southern Latium in Late Antiquity
Author(s): CORSI, Cristina
Journal: BABesch - Bulletin Antieke Beschaving
Volume: 82    Issue: 1   Date: 2007   
Pages: 247-256
DOI: 10.2143/BAB.82.1.2020774

Abstract :
Thanks to the research activities to prepare the Archaeological Map of an area included in the modern province of Frosinone (Southern Lazio), it is now possible to delineate the distributions of commercial goods and technical know-how, as well as the routes and itineraries of their circulation, during the poorly documented period between the end of Antiquity and the beginning of Carolingian power in Italy.
The transformations in this region during Late Antiquity can be studied via a number of approaches. It is necessary to evaluate the character of acculturation in the areas conquered by the Lombards, and trace the forms of continuity of occupation in urban centres that remained under the political influence of the Byzantines.

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Danish traders in India - two books

* Krieger, Martin. Daufleute, seeraeuber und Diplomaten. Der Daenische Handel
auf dem Indischen Ozean (1620-1868). Koeln, Weimar, Wien: Bohlau Verlag,
1998.

* Diller, Stephan. Die Daenen in Indien, Suedostasien und China (1620-1845).
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 1999.

Src: H-ASIA: Access to sources on Danes in colonial India, Sep 17, 2007.

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The Sea Route between Cheju Island and Zhejiang Province

Koh, Heyryun, A Note on the Sea Route between Cheju Island and Zhejiang
Province, in A. Schottenhammer (ed.), The East Asian Maritime World
1400-1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges. (Wiesbaden:
Otto Harrassowitz, 2007), pp.151-168. East Asian Maritime History 4.

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