The Seljuk Khan of Anatolia

http://www.turkishhan.org/

About this website
Introduction: what is a han?
History of the Seljuks
Life in the Seljuk Han
Seljuk architecture
Trade
Architecture and Decoration of the Seljuk Han
Seljuk decorative arts
Resources
Bibliography

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Great Silk Road

http://www.advantour.com/silkroad/index.htm


The Great Silk Road, the commerce route between the East and West, was not a single road, but consisted of a network of routes, connecting the West (mainly Rome ) to the East (especially China ). Some of those roads went through Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.

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Wayhoo.com - Browse Waypoints by Country

http://wayhoo.com/index/a/bgns/

This site provides a geographic coordinate database consisting of 1.7 million records from the USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).

Measure Distance
Map Interchange
Weather Forecast
Coordinate Lookup

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DATASET: Chief trade routes in Europe, Levant and North Africa, 1300 CE-1500 CE

http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/tmcZWEm1300a.html

266 data points defining land and sea trade routes across Western Europe and the Black Sea, Mediterranean and the eastern coast of the Atlantic. Source: An untitled map of 'the chief trade-routes of the Middle Ages.' The map is published on pp. 224-225, King, Donald. 1985. Currents of Trade: Industries, Merchants and Money. pp. 200-230, in Evans, Joan (ed.). 1985. The Flowering of the Middle Ages. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.

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Economic Map of Europe in the Middle Ages, 1300

http://www.smokylake.com/Christy/images/eco.jpg



Printed source currently unknown

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Medieval Merchants and Trade

http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/society/structure/trade.shtml



The actual source of the map which greatly resembles that published in King, Donald. 1985. Currents of Trade: Industries, Merchants and Money. pp. 200-230, in Evans, Joan (ed.). 1985. The Flowering of the Middle Ages. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. is, at the moment, unidentified.

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Accounts of the Routes of the Jewish Merchants to the East, 847

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/847radanite.html

...They take ship in the land of the Franks, on the Western Sea, and steer for Farama (Pelusium). There they load their goods on the backs of camels, and go by land to Kolzum (Suez) in five days' journey over a distance of twenty-five parasangs. They embark in the East Sea (Red Sea) and sail from Kolzum to El-Jar (port of Medina) and Jeddah (port of Mecca); then they go to Sind, India, and China. On their return they carry back musk, aloes, camphor, cinnamon, and other products of the Eastern countries to Kolzum, and bring them to Farama, where they again embark on the Western Sea...

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Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World

http://www.smi.uib.no/paj/Masonen.html
Pekka Masonen, University of Tampere
The third Nordic conference on Middle Eastern Studies: Ethnic encounter and culture change
Joensuu, Finland, 19-22 June 1995

...regular and intensive trade across the desert was organized quite soon after the Arabs had consolided their power in Northern Africa: both the major northern terminals of the trans-Saharan routes, Sijilmasa and Tahert, were founded in mid-8th century AD. However, the trade could succeed only because it managed to join up with the internal West African commercial network. By the arrival of first North African traders, perhaps in the early 8th century, the peoples of the savanna had already established large states, like Ghana and Gao, and cities, like Jenne which had some twenty thousand inhabitants. But new cities were also born at the desert edge, like Awdaghust, Kumbi Saleh and Tadamakka, and their destiny was tied closely with the continuity of the long distance trade: when the caravan routes later changed and the volume of trade declined, these towns, too, were soon abandoned. There were three basic routes across the Sahara: the "western", leading from Sijilmasa to Awdaghust; the "central", and the most important, leading from Ifriqiya to the Niger bend; and the "Egyptian", leading from Egypt to the Niger bend via Siwa and Kufra, which was, however, abandoned in the 10th century as it was too dangerous...

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Map of Ancient Trade Routes From Mesopotamia

http://www.bible-history.com/maps/maps/map_ancient_trade_routes_mesopotamia.html



From 2002 Bible Online

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Caravansaries in Khorasan Road, Iran

http://www.caroun.com/Architecture/Caravansary/00-Khorasan.html

During Safavid era a great number of caravansaries were built in Khorasan road. [...] All of these caravansaries were built on 4-verandas plan, which was the standard design for religious, public and domestic buildings at that time. [...]

A list of caravansaries in this road are as follows:

Turk Robat, Sar-poushideh Robat, Ribod Robat, Shouriab Robat, Dahneh Robat, Kolidar Robat, all were built along Khorasan road, between Shahroud and Neishabour.

There are 4 caravansaries between Tehran and Semnan, built in Safavid era: Ivaneh-Keif Caravansary, 60 Km east of Tehran
Deh Namak Caravansary, 120 Km east of Tehran, 4-verandas plan, 26 chambers
Lasjerd Caravansary, 160 Km east of Tehran, 4-verandas plan, 24 chambers
Semnan Caravansary, in Semnan City, 4-verandas plan

14 caravansaries between Semnan and Neishabour: [....]

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Faciliities and Amenities of the Cities in the Epoch of Samanids

http://www.varorud.org/english/analitics/society/society170903.html

According to the classification of the X-th century geographers urban populated units were divided into two types: cities (big) - shahr and towns (small) - shahrak. There existed certain criteria for qualification status. Here can be referred, for example, an availability of a citadel (Shahristan) surrounded by a defense wall as a bulwark of a local administration, Friday mosque, public bath-house, market and a number of other tokens. It is quite obvious that a mediaeval city was formed on the base of large feudal homesteads with domineering castles.

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Map of Stages in Baha'u'llah's Successive Exiles from Tihran to Akka

http://bahai-library.com/?file=labib_stages_exiles_bahaullah

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History Professor Uncovers Ancient Trade Route

http://www.udel.edu/PR/UDaily/01-02/sidebotham061802.html

Steven Sidebotham, University of Delaware professor of history wears several hats—detective, excavator, surveyor, trash collector, historian and interpreter—literally uncovering the secrets of ancient Egypt through excavations and explorations of the port of Berenike on the Red Sea plus the "emerald city" of Sikait, site of deserted emerald mines...

He and various coauthors have written recent articles on each site—“Berenike: A Ptolemaic-Roman Port on the Ancient Maritime Spice and Incense Route” in the May/June issue of Minerva, The International Review of Ancient Art and Archaeology, and “Emerald City” in the June issue of Archeology, a publication of the Archaeological Institute of America.
“Berenike was an active port from the third century B.C. to the sixth century A.D. when it was deserted,” Sidebotham said. “We can only speculate what happened—silt filling the harbor, a plague from Africa, which may have spread to the city, or competition from South Arabia or the African kingdom of Axum, which controlled the entrance to the Red Sea.

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Turkey Map (Detailed)

http://www.adiyamanli.org/MapofTurkey/turk_map.htm

Road map of Turkey
Archeological Map - Arkeolojik Türkiye Haritasi
Countries and Their Maps
Distance Calculator...

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